A hormone found in the pancreas, intestine, and central nervous system. It has many actions in the body, such as helping to control the secretion of water, salts, enzymes, and gastric acid during digestion. It also causes smooth muscles in the digestive tract, the heart, and the blood vessels to relax.

What does VIP do in the gut?

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that functions as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter. It is a potent vasodilator, regulates smooth muscle activity, epithelial cell secretion, and blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract [1-3].

Does VIP decrease gastric motility?

In the stomach VIP produced a gastric relaxation and a blood flow increase. The motility response was similar to that observed when eliciting the vago-vagal reflex relaxation by distending the esophagus. In the small intestine a hyperemia and a decrease of net water uptake was observed.

What stimulates VIP release?

Interestingly, VIP-positive parasympathetic nerves are present in the pancreatic islet, and vagal stimulation increases the release of VIP in the canine islet 33. PACAP is also present in the pancreatic islet and amplifies the glucose-induced insulin secretion 34.

What is VIP secretion?

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by cells throughout the intestinal tract. It stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa.

How do you increase vasoactive intestinal peptides?

We have previously shown that plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is increased in normal subjects by low-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation. The latter may also increase short-term physical performance in athletes (running, swimming and ergometer cycling).

Does VIP increase motility?

These effects work together to increase motility. It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells. VIP seems to be an important neuropeptide during inflammatory bowel diseases since the communication between mast cells and VIP in colitis, as in Crohn’s disease, is upregulated.

How does VIPoma cause Achlorhydria?

Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria is typically due to the inhibitory effect on parietal cells of gastric mucosa, resulting in reduced gastric acid production (16). This usually leads to the malabsorption of essential electrolytes and vitamins.

Does VIP stimulate prolactin?

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion from the anterior pituitary.

What does high vasoactive intestinal peptide mean?

Values above 75 pg/mL may indicate the presence of an enteropancreatic tumor causing hypersecretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Values above 200 pg/mL are strongly suggestive of VIP-producing tumors (VIPoma).

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How does vasoactive intestinal peptide cause diarrhea?

It leads to secretory diarrhea, water and weight loss by preventing sodium, chlorine and water absorption in the intestines. It leads to hypokalemia by inducing potassium secretion in the intestines. It may cause to hypochlorhydria with inhibition of gastric acid secretion (4, 5).

What is a normal VIP level?

A normal plasma VIP level is 20-30 pmol/L or less, as determined by radioimmunoassay. VIP levels in patients with VIPoma often reach 160-250 pmol/L or higher. VIP levels should be drawn after fasting.

Does gastrin increase gastric motility?

Gastrin is a peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach.

Which disease is known as VIP disease?

(Werner-Morrison Syndrome) A vipoma is a non-beta pancreatic islet cell tumor secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), resulting in a syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome). Diagnosis is by serum VIP levels. Tumor is localized with CT and endoscopic ultrasound.

What is pancreatic cholera?

Definition. The VIPoma syndrome, also called the Verner-Morrison syndrome, pancreatic cholera, and the WDHA syndrome (for watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria), results from an endocrine tumor, usually in the pancreas that ectopically secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

What does VIP stand for in medical terms?

Very important patient. Very important person—the most common non-medical use of the abbreviation.

What are some vasoactive medications?

Four of the commonly used FDA approved vasoactive medications are norepinephrine, phenylephrine, epinephrine, and vasopressin.

Is NPY a hormone?

NPY. NPY is a 36-amino-acid peptide, isolated and sequenced in 1982. The NPY family of hormones includes enteric peptides, pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY (PYY) due to high sequence homology. NPY is derived from the 97-amino-acid pro-hormone, pre-pro-NPY after enzymatic processing by peptidase enzymes.

Why does VIPoma cause diarrhea?

This occurs as a result of VIP binding to intestinal epithelial cells, thereby upregulating cAMP and leading to secretion of electrolytes into the bowel lumen, causing profuse watery diarrhea [2].

Does VIP cause diarrhea?

A VIPoma is a neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) secreting VIP, causing severe watery secretory diarrhea, which can result in hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis.

Why does VIPoma cause acidosis?

Hypokalemia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis occur due to a large amount of GI loss and bicarbonate wasting. Hypochlorhydria occurs secondary to the direct gastric acid inhibitory effect of VIP.

How do you treat a VIPoma?

Initial treatment of VIPomas is directed toward correcting volume and electrolyte abnormalities. Octreotide acetate controls diarrhea in up to 90% of patients with VIPomas. Glucocorticoids reduce symptoms in 50%. Systemic chemotherapy may be needed in cases of unresectable or progressive disease.

What is VIPoma syndrome?

A VIPoma is a rare cancer caused by a type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, which is tumor that arises from cells that produce hormones – allowing the tumor itself to produce hormones.

Are VIPomas cancerous?

VIPomas are rare cancers that start in the neuroendocrine cells that make the hormone VIP. VIP stands for vasoactive intestinal peptide. It relaxes the muscles in the stomach and bowel, and helps to control the balance of sugar, salt and water in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Are VIPomas malignant?

Approximately 60-80% of VIPomas are malignant and have metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Metastasis occurs most frequently in the liver but may also occur in the lymph nodes, lungs, or kidneys. Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome.

Where is a VIPoma located?

Most VIPomas are located in the body and tail of the pancreas. At the time of diagnosis, the primary VIPoma is usually solitary (70% to 80%) and ranges from 1 to 7 cm in diameter (usually >2 cm); liver metastasis has already occurred in more than half of the cases.

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How does gastrin affect gastric emptying?

Increases antral muscle mobility and promotes stomach contractions. Strengthens antral contractions against the pylorus, and relaxes the pyloric sphincter, which increases the rate of gastric emptying.

What stimulates gastric emptying?

Stimulation of gastric emptying is seen with motilin and somatostatin. The effect of motilin is a direct one, whereas the effect of somatostatin is probably due to inhibition of regulatory peptides which in turn inhibit the emptying in the sense of a feedback.

What does gastrin do in digestion?

Gastrin helps the pancreas produce enzymes for digestion and helps the liver produce bile. It also stimulates the intestines to help move food through the digestive tract. Sometimes a test for gastrin is done after eating a high-protein diet or after receiving an injection of the digestive hormone secretin into a vein.